The notes of a confused college student free essay sample

Identify major factors shaping the development of the US Recognize causes and consequences of major changes in US history Cite key examples of major historical trends and patterns Discriminate between causal factors of primary importance and secondary importance. Evaluation 4 Exams will be given, each worth 15 points These exams will be multiple-choice in nature. The lowest grade will be dropped. (this option makes make-up exams a rare exception) Daily quizzes will be given using the I-clicker, worth 10 total points Questions will be drawn from various sourcesIf you attend class regularly these will be easy points 2 Primary Source Analysis activities will be given, worth 5. (10 points toward total) These assignments will be group activities completed in class. The readings will be posted on Blackboard and each student will be responsible for their completion. On the day of the AS, you will come to class prepared to contribute to the group. Make-up Sagas will be given only on rare occasions. We will write a custom essay sample on The notes of a confused college student or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Essay on INTERNATIONAL MARKETING

Essay on INTERNATIONAL MARKETING Essay on INTERNATIONAL MARKETING Essay on INTERNATIONAL MARKETINGThe most important task of strategic management is to establish and maintain a dynamic interaction of the organization with its environment, designed to provide it with a competitive advantage, which is achieved by providing a product to the customer. Therefore, marketing objective occupies the position of one of the leading strategic management functions. For a number of organizations, depending on what goals they pursue and what strategy they implement, marketing is a key feature to ensure their successful operation. Moreover, companies turn to a management philosophy, according to which a company must focus its activity completely on customer needs (market driver management) and not try to make convenient products trying to sell it. Therefore, marketing becomes something more than just a separate function of management.Marketing is increasingly used all areas of business activity of the company. Thus, marketing plays a special role in the strategic management, significantly beyond the scope of functions of sales and demand analysis.Local marketing researchToday, setting new ambitious goals, every company faces many problems inherent to the market economy. The real problem of doing business has become the problem of finding effective demand. It is not enough to only produce goods, it is necessary to organize the work in such a way to make a profit from the sale of this product.Local marketing research is a systematic search, collection, analysis and presentation of data and information related to a particular market situation, which the company faces in its country (Lipovetsky, Magnan, Zanetti-Polzi,  2011).The objectives of marketing research:Searching goal collecting information for a preliminary assessment of the problem and its structuring;Descriptive goal description of the selected events, research subjects and the factors affecting their condition;Causal purpose check of the hypothesis of a causal relationship;Test objectives selection of promising options or assessment of the correctness of decisions;Forward-looking goals prediction of the state of the object in the future.The principal feature of marketing research, distinguishing it from the collection and analysis of internal and external current information, is its target aim to solve a particular problem or set of problems of marketing.Each company determines the topics and scope of marketing research according to its capabilities and needs in marketing information, so the types of marketing research conducted by various companies can be different.Iinternational marketing reserchThe term international marketing research refers to the collection, analysis and reporting on clearly defined problem of the operation of companies in foreign markets. International marketing research of different depth and breadth of coverage and the underlying information base are the base for all decisions (Webster, Lusch,   2013).Before entering interna tional markets and creating information marketing base, a company should collect information about the overall status and trends:1) industry of manufacturing products,2) countries, which are producers and consumers of these products,3) individual manufacturers, consumers and resellers.The study of international markets is based on the following characteristics:1) products (industries, types of products, manufacturers, methods and forms of sales and service of products)2) consumers (industries, types of products, manufacturers and buyers, goals and methods of consumption)3) location of the market (region, country, territory).On the first stage of international market research, a company should study the broadest possible segment, that is the world market of the product. It must collect information about what companies in which countries produce, trade and consume this type of product and services (Mihaela,  2010).The similarities and the differences between local and international marketing researchLocal and international marketing research are very similar, as they have almost the same goals and objectives, as well as methods of conducting research. Both types of studies provide a comprehensive study examining objects such as the market, consumers, and competitors. Local and international marketing research have the same scheme of marketing research, which involves the following steps:Defining a problem, objectives and methods.Developing research plan.Data collection and analysis.Interpretation of the results and giving them to the management of organization.Differences between local and international marketing research is that the evaluation of the international marketing environment is carried out mainly from the standpoint of economic purchasing power of the population in various countries, the levels of its income, industrial structure, orientation of the economy (agricultural, raw materials, etc.), overall level of economic development (Levy, 2012). Nev ertheless, a potential exporter or importer should explore political and legal environment of the country: stability of government, its laws in relation to the economic sphere (quotas, restrictions, confiscation of property of foreign businessmen, foreign exchange controls). This may also include the availability of market information, organization of statistics, work of customs and tax authorities. Social culture of the country should also be a subject of international marketing research. Local marketing research does not include these questions.The steps of marketing researchMarketing research process consists of several stages.Defining the problem and research objectives. It is difficult to start any research before the problem is determined. Stage of recognition and definition of the problem is the first step in the process of finding solutions. Failure to comply with the tasks of sales, a growing number of unpaid bills and low turnover are the signals or symptoms of more seriou s problems. Researchers should recognize and identify the problems behind these symptoms. Incorrect definition of the problem can lead to wrong decisions. Objectives are derived from market research to formulate the problem. Objectives should be clearly and precisely defined, and be sufficiently detailed, it should be possible to measure them and evaluate their level of achievement.Definition of the objects of research.When a problem is defined, it is possible to formulate the research problem. As a rule, the study includes a solution to one of the four objectives: to develop, describe, test hypotheses and predict. The study is carried out to develop when you need to get more information on the issue and more clearly formulate hypotheses. Research to describe the problem is held when it is necessary to describe objects such as market, define their characteristics based on statistical data. If the task of marketing research is testing the hypothesis of relationship between the indepe ndent and dependent variables, companies conduct research to identify the causes of the emergence of the problem.Development of a research plan. The creation of a research project is perhaps the most important step in the process of marketing research. Research project is a general plan of marketing research. It defines the requirements for a variety of data and its collection, processing and analysis. This stage includes not only the choice of certain methods of marketing research and development of specific tasks within the market research. At this stage, researcher determines the need for information, type of required information, sources and methods of its collection.Data collection. From the perspective of the process, there are at least three alternative approaches to data collection: by the staff of marketing service, by the specially created group or with the involvement of companies that specialize in data collection. The process of gathering information is usually the most expensive phase of the study. Furthermore, it may have a sufficiently large number of errors during implementation.Analysis of the data. It begins with the transformation of raw data (error checking, encoding, representation in matrix form). This allows transferring a lot of raw data into meaningful information.Presentation of the results. Results of the research are presented in the form of the final report and submitted to the management of the company (Shaw, 2012).From national to international marketingDevelopment of international economic relations, primarily on the basis of the international division of labor, is the characteristic process in todays global community. These are objective, stable commercial relations between individual countries or groups of countries.Essentially, each country in addition to conducting internal trade tends to carry foreign trade, implying a complex mechanism of relations arising in the process of sale of goods and services in the international market. Development of the international cooperation significantly increases the tendency towards the internationalization of economic processes, promotes international specialization and cooperation in production, trade, exchange of scientific and technological developments.International marketing is a response to the world of commercial processes such as growth and expansion of partnerships in the international market, increase of production capacity, quick update of product range, frequent changes in the nature and structure of the market demand, market fluctuations, increased competition, increased and improved quality of information support. International marketing provides a systematic, ongoing, active involvement in the international market at different stages of the promotion of commercial products (services) to the consumer. That is why we should distinguish the concept of international marketing from the concepts of sale and export, since the latter consists in the fact th at sellers are limited to delivery of its products to foreign importing companies. At the same time, suppliers are generally not interested in how consumers are satisfied in these products. A distinctive feature of international marketing is a complete and clear orientation on foreign consumers, the desire to satisfy their needs and requirements.Marketing research is a necessary condition for the success of the company in international markets at all stages of its operation and product life cycle. The better boundaries and objectives of the study are defined, the more useful received information is, and the more accurate calculations are. They help to better understand and adapt to the needs of the buyer, determine the best value for money and quality of the goods, find new customers, find a way to draw attention to your company and products. Market conditions are constantly changing, so there is a need for such work all the time, which greatly increases the effectiveness of company on the international markets (Mihaela,  2010).ExamplesThere are many examples of successful marketing of companies operating in the domestic and foreign markets. Here are some of them.Marlboro. Marlboro invented pack of cardboard with flip-top lid, which are now standard package of cigarettes not in order to demonstrate innovation or design ideas but for promotional purposes. Smokers were able to pull out cigarettes from soft packs without removing them from the pocket, so others did not see the brand. Flip-tops made smokers take the pack out of the pocket so that everybody could see it, and the new always attracts attention.Estee Lauder. There is a beautiful legend about how Estee Lauder began selling its perfumes. The young Miss Lauder came the biggest perfume shop in New York accidentally split the bottle of her perfume on the floor. Buyers asked about the wonderful smell and store just had to sign a contract with Estee Lauder.Heinz. In 1896, Henry Heinz was walking around New York and saw an advertisement of shoe store, which offered clients 21 style of shoes. By analogy, he decided to write on their ketchup and sauces 57 options. This number had nothing to do with the actual figures range, but Heinz liked it. And it impressed buyers.Harley-Davidson. The most famous manufacturer of motorcycles in the world holds the first place in terms of branded tattoos for more than a dozen years. It all began with the fact that Harley announced impressive discounts on bikes for those who would come to buy a motorcycle with a tattoo in the form of its logo.One of the largest tobacco companies,  «R. J. Reynolds International », was able to create a special Russian image. The company began to produce new cigarettes, which were called Peter I ». Until now, non-standard advertising of the company emphasizes that these cigarettes are created by Russian designers specifically for Russian consumers. Company  «R. J. Reynolds International » was able to show how eff ective PR can work in terms of the binding of marketing programs to local traditions and mentality of the target audience (Slater,   Andriopoulos, 2013).ConclusionMarketing research includes studies to support marketing activities, as well as statistical interpretation of data into information. This information is then used by managers to plan marketing activities, assess of the nature of trading environment of the company and to obtain information from suppliers. Market research use statistical methods such as qualitative and quantitative research, hypothesis testing, chi-square test, linear regression, frequency distribution, binomial distribution, etc. These methods are needed to interpret the results and transform data into information. The process of marketing research covers a number of steps, including identifying a problem, developing a plan of analysis, data collection and interpretation, presenting information in the form of a formal report. The task of market research i s to provide management with relevant, accurate, reliable and valid data.

The Making of Indonesia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Making of Indonesia - Research Paper Example The facts and myths about Indonesia, a Southeast Asian country, make it a highly complex subject matter with its incomprehensibly varied and dynamic history, politics and social structure. Its international image, however, to a certain extent has been defined by Oriental theories that partially represent its true political, social, historical, religious and national aspects. The President of the United States articulated his views, while addressing the students of the University of Indonesia: â€Å"The nations of Southeast Asia must have the right to determine their own destiny, and the United States will strongly support that right. But the people of Southeast Asia must have the right to determine their own destiny as well.† (Obama 2010) The concepts of ‘Orientalism’ and ‘othering’ could not have been explained in better words. The region of Southeast Asia is supposed to have common issues; and this kind of geographical cartography represents the mindset of the Western nations. The phrase, ‘the right to determine their own destiny’ has profound repercussions of centuries of colonialism and imperialism of Southeast Asian countries. This historical fact has so arendered the concept of Orientalism to a great extent. As the heritage of Indonesia is diverse and magnanimous; therefore, it was natural to ignore certain facts about Indonesia while studying and analyzing its existing political, religious and social structures. Islam, being the dominant religion in this country raises concerns in the West that desire it to become a secular country, in its own interest.

Operation Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Operation Management - Essay Example The economic and social factor of people has changed drastically and that is why education and warnings about dangerous things should be given priority before embarking on business. Excellent programs on data collection about the coffee business, surveys of past errors and how they can be corrected should also be scrutinized. Consequently, recommendations have to be underway on how coffee shops can curb accidents resulting from coffee burns. Coffee management strategies that rarely have the specific objectives which are organized by all the stakeholders and for this reason they can always undermine the support of the stakeholders on the selling of coffee to their customers. In this paper I evaluate and discuss the strategies used in the case where by McDonald was sued for selling the customer hot coffee which accidentally burns Mrs. Stella Liebeck on her way home in car driven by her grandson. The approach used by the people who sued the McDonald was robust processes to achieve justi ce for what happened to Mrs. Liebeck.I also review the importance of all the businesses in the world today to understand the uncertainties of balancing the economic, biological and sociological objectives of their customers. Operation Management Introduction The case of McDonald’s coffee shop is a good example of factors that many businesses tend to ignore. ... In the world today, coffee markets have increased and is dominated by the brand coffee shops which include foreign and home made coffee (Lee and Yeu 2010.).Since 2009, coffee shops have increased drastically to suit the ever growing population. The coffee shops have grown in number across the country (Park and Lee 2010) Due to the fact that customers buy coffee any where and any time, Liabeck bought coffee which later spilt on her laps causing severe burns which made her hospitalized for eight days. The impact of various customers behavior and the repercussions and hospitality studies have been put upfront on how to retain customers in coffee shops and restaurants.(Kwun and Oh,2006).in this paper, I critically look at the impact of the case between McDonalds and Mrs. Liabeck. The main reason for the case is that, McDonalds sold very hot coffee to a customer who was in a hurry which ended up causing severe burns on her body .Another thing that I will look at is the importance of using a proper procedure when evaluating the McDonalds case. The management strategic evaluation should be put in place to help the stakeholders help make the decisions in a firm (Kolli 2000). Methodology The method used was questionnaire where by it consisted of four parts that were basically modified by the stakeholders for them to fit the context of a coffee shop. First of all, the whole study had a scenario from a context of tourism which could fit well in the modification of a coffee shop. The next step was basically to ask all the respondents to evaluate their experiences at the McDonalds coffee shop in regard to the functional attributes of the shop. The third step was to ask the customers their attitudes towards the coffee shop (He and Mukherjee, 2007). Executive summary The

The first World War Essay Example for Free

The first World War Essay Part way through the Second World War Hitler occupied nearly all of Europe, including France. He decided to take Britain next. His first plan failed. So he resorted to the blitz. The blitz was the constant bombing of major cities in Britain, along with other targets such as food and railways. But this wasnt Hitlers ideal way to take Britain. But to understand why this and everything else previously occurred, we need to go back to the end of the First World War, when the allied countries, Italy, America, France, Britain and Belgium put together the treaty of Versailles. This treaty blamed Germany for the war, and made them pay compensation to the allied countries for the cost and damages expenses of the war. Their army was reduced to 100,000 men and 10% of their land was taken away. Soon after the end of the war came the Wall Street crash, this came as a result of the treaty of Versailles. The German people were in a mess, as was their country. They were looking for a strong leader who felt the same way as they did, and would promise them improvement. Hitler fitted the bill. In 1933 Hitler became the chancellor of Germany, and from then on he worked solely for war. He even went behind the backs of the allies to do so. He wanted to regain the land that had been taken from them, and he wanted to take extra to make room for his perfect race. So, in short, he built an army and marched to war. Hitler developed a tactic known as Blitzkrieg which means lightning war. This was a two way attack that surprised the enemy into submission. He would bomb the city he was advancing on at the same time as advancing on foot, then moving onto the next target very quickly. This resulted in a large amount of Europe being taken very quickly with these tactics. But the beginning of the Second World War was only signalled when Hitler decided to invade Poland, as Poland was allied with both France and Britain. The rest of Europe soon fell to the Germans, and now only two countries remained to be taken; Britain and Russia. Hitler chose Britain, as he had already made an agreement with Russia that stated that they would not attack each other. This meant that Hitler would only be attacking one country at once as Russia would not attack, just so long as he didnt invade them. Hitlers approach to invading Britain was slightly different to his approach with the rest of Europe, as the British channel separated Britain from him. So he decided to put into action operation sea lion. Operation sea lion required the Luftwaffe to bomb the British air bases, thereby gaining air superiority, and thus being able to cross the British channel safely. And so The Battle of Britain began. Over a period the Luftwaffe were defeated, due partly to the superiority of the British aircraft, such as the supermaire spitfire and the hawker hurricane. The invention of radar also played a big part, as it allowed British aircraft to see the Luftwaffe in advance. This forced Hitler to change his tactics and so he decided to use the blitz. On the 7th of September 1940 the continuous bombing of all major cities and some other targets began. On the first night alone over 2000 died or suffered from injuries. By doing this, Hitler aimed to shock Britain into surrender, as he believed that Britain didnt want a war. So his targets were designed to cause as much damage and unrest as possible, aiming for densely populated areas, such as cities, (but especially ones with ports) food supplies and factories. The blitz only stopped after the d-day landings, so Britain was bombed for 8 months. In which time many children had been evacuated, gas masks handed out, shelters had become many peoples second homes, and 40,000 men, women and children had died. 2 million were homeless. In bombing Britain, Hitler concentrated on several targets. A port, railways, food supplies, factories, etc. any city by the sea was heavily targeted, as they had every single one of the above. Coventry, Plymouth and Bristol were three heavily targeted cities. Coventry was bombed because it was the centre of Britains arms trade and machining industry. As it was quite a small city, the 450 German bombers in the raid caused enormous damage, totally demolishing the majority of the city centre. 554 people were killed and 865 were seriously injured. 30,000 fire bombs fell cut from the daily verald. This counter propaganda was released along with RAF Strikes Berlin and Coventry, Not a mortal blow. 450 bombers, and yet the factories were back to full production in only 6 weeks. Several other major attacks on Coventry took place, such as the one on November 14 1940. On this day, the Luftwaffe had pulled all the stops out. The raid was made by 515 German bombers, two thirds from Luftwaffe 3 and the rest from the pathfinders of Kampfgruppe 100. The attack, code-named Operation Moonlight Sonata, was intended to undermine Coventrys ability to supply the Royal Air Force and the British Army by demolishing factories and industrial infrastructure, although it was clear that the damage to the city, including monuments and residential areas, would be considerable. The initial wave was of 13 specially modified Heinkel He 111 aircraft of Kampfgruppe 100, which were equipped with X-Geri t navigational devices, accurately dropping marker flares at 19:20. The British and the Germans were fighting the Battle of the Beams and on this night the British failed to fully disrupt the X-Geri t signals. However, the cathedral was heavily bombed, which enticed Britain to retaliate by bombing Berlin, a very historical city in Germany. Plymouth was one of the United Kingdoms principal naval dockyards. The city was extensively blitzed during the Second World War, to the extent that approximately twice the amount of housing stock that existed prior to the war was destroyed during it (as a consequence of rebuilt houses being successively hit). Although the dockyards were the principal targets, civilian casualties were inevitably very high. The first bomb fell on the city on Saturday 6 July 1940 at Swilly, killing 3 people. The last attack came on 30 April 1944. Altogether 1,172 people were killed and 3,269 people were injured these figures do not include the many service casualties. At one point the population fell from 220,000, at the start of the conflict, to 127,000. Probably the worst single raid of the blitz was on a central area of the town called Portland Square. On the evening of the 22 April 1941 the communal air raid shelter took a direct hit, killing 70 people. As a result of one of the first raids, 26 people were killed, 60 houses demolished, 400 houses seriously damages and 2,000 slightly damaged. The citys electricity was restored in the afternoon, but gas was not available until 3 weeks later. After raids, locals teamed together and sang the national anthem as they dug out survivors. As this helped maintain and lift moral, it was strongly encouraged. On Monday 6th January meat rations were reduced from1s 10d to 1s 6d. Then on the Thursday of the same week, their majesties King George VI and Queen Elizabeth visited Plymouth and toured the service establishments. Then, the very next day, Mr Winston Churchill visited Plymouth and Britains reconstruction chief recommended they plan boldly, and plan now! To conclude, my answer to the question why did Hitler bomb British cities? is Hitler bombed Britain to try and force them into surrender. Because he couldnt risk sending his fleet across the British channel he tried to take out our air bases, but because he failed to gain air superiority he changed tackics. He was hoping that the British civilians could be so demoralised by the relentless dropping of bombs that they would force Churchill to surrender. But he failed. What effect did the blitz have on Britain? In the summer of 1939, the British government were making plans. Hitler was still making threats and war seemed imminent. And so they began to plan for the event of war, majoring on air defences. And so, when the attacks did come, the nation was prepared. Taking into account that aerial attacks would, undoubtedly kill many civilians, the government began to evacuate children out of the cities, thereby protecting the future generations. Many young children were evacuated prior to the first bombings. The government had portrayed the idea that when your children arrived in the country they would be brought into loving homes and would be looked after as if they were part of the family. They sent out propaganda films showing children running in and out of the woods and having school lessons on fields with butterflies. However, the real events were quite different. When the children arrived in the village they would be staying in, they would be lined up and hand picked. The larger, healthier children were picked first, leaving the scrawnier, dirtier children to be picked last. Many parents didnt like the thought of their children going to stay with strangers, and in many cases, quite rightly so. Some children received regular beatings from their new families and some were even sexually abused. And so, when the parents began to get letters from their children, or in some cases no letters came, the parents began to call their children home, but by that time, some had already run away. However, after the first air raid, many parents saw the sense in evacuation and sent their children back into the countryside. The blitz had another major effect on Britain: the government foresaw that if the Germans bombed them, then they would easily find their targets, as they would be lit up like a spot light, so they introduced the blackouts. At first, everything was totally blacked out. From street lamps to torches, everything was gone. However, this did cause a few problems, such as there was a large increase in the amount of Car crashes, so slits were introduces to help combat that. It worked too, as there were fewer crashes and the desired effect was still accomplished. The blackouts also had the effect of giving that illusion that the bombers were in the wrong place. In addition to getting rid of the lights in the cities, they also would place lots of lights on top of hills all around, giving the wrong impression again, and therefore minimise damage. For 8 months the blackouts plunged Britain into darkness, and the near constant darkness didnt help with moral. But is was necessary as it not only protected the cities, but airbases and in coastal regions a shore-side blackout of city lights would also help protect ships from being seen and attacked by enemy submarines farther out to sea. Overall, the blackouts played a vital part in keeping Britain in the war. War is notorious for causing civil panic, and as a result lower moral and more deaths. The government needed to educate. That way, when first raids did come, the people didnt simply run around like headless chickens, but they all knew exactly what they had to do, and proceeded to do it. To educate the people they introduced drills and news reels before films. The news reels acted as an education program, stating the procedure that would take place in the event of a raid. The drills were a practical procedure that everyone learnt. You were taught the different signals, stating the different type of raid (e. g. Gas, fire bomb, etc). These drills had a major effect in the long run, as they save many lives and helped to keep the country orderly when under attack. Rationing was another dramatic change for Britain. At the beginning of World War II, the UK imported 55 million tons of foodstuffs per year (70%), including more than 50% of its meat, 70% of its cheese and sugar, nearly 80% of fruits and about 90% of cereals and fats. One of the principal strategies Germany used was to attack shipping bound for the UK, restricting British industry and potentially starving the nation into submission. In order to deal with the extreme shortages the Ministry of Food instituted a system of rationing. It was introduced on the 8th of January 1940, with bacon, butter and sugar being rationed. Next then came meat, tea, jam, biscuits, breakfast cereals, cheese, eggs, milk and canned fruit. Each person would register with their local shops, and was provided with a ration book containing coupons. The shopkeeper was then provided with enough food for his or her registered customers. When purchasing goods, the purchaser had to hand over the coupon as well as the money for the purchase. Strict rationing caused many people to buy food on the black market and thus having a negative effect on British society. Everyone was issued the same amount of food, (per person, so bigger families didnt go without). The typical weekly ration per person was Bacon 6oz Cheese 4oz Butter 4oz Eggs 2 Milk 1 pint Tea 3oz Sugar 12oz Dried milk 4 pints Dried eggs 12 per eight weeks Sweets 3oz Food like bread, fish, fruit and vegetables were not rationed, but the queues were very long. Initially, this benefited the poorer families, as they were entitled to the same amount to food and therefore ended up eating more than they had done prior to the war. The way the government ensured that people got their fair share was to issue ration books. Each was different, depending on you age, for instance, babies were blue, childrens green, and adults brown. The general public were also encouraged to convert their gardens into allotments, thus providing more food for each family. Clothes were also rationed from June 1941. Each person was issued with 66 coupons per year, with which they had to buy all their cloths. For example, a coat would cost 14 coupons and its money value. Petrol was very hard to come by, so most people cycled or walked, as fuel was used for emergency purposes or government needs. As the war developed, almost everything was rationed. Towels, cutlery, furniture, sheets were all in short supply. In 1942, even soap was rationed. Without rationing, Britain would have almost certainly have fallen to Germany. It was only because everyone knew that they were getting the same amount of food as their neighbour that a civil revolt didnt break out and Britain didnt surrender. In the 20th centaury, many houses were small, and fairly basic. They werent very sturdy either. And if a raid came, and a bomb landed on your house, then you would be dead.

Salmonella Typhi (typhoid Fever) :: essays research papers

Salmonella Typhi is a very contagious infection in the intestines that affects the whole body. It is called by a bacteria called Salmonella Typhi that is found in the stools of an infected person. Most people in the United States get typhoid as a result of visiting another country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typhoid is spread when a person eats food or water contaminated by human waste (stool or urine) containing Salmonella Typhi bacteria.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typhoid fever mostly preys upon people from the United States who visit other countries, because in a foreign country food and drink may have been handled by a person who is shedding Salmonella Typhi or if the bacteria gets into the water you use for washing or drinking.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Salmomella Typhi hides in beverages, most commonly milk or water. It also hides in food that is usually a foreign delicacy of some sort that has been contaminated by Salmonella Typhi in some way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typhoid fever usually causes high fever, head ache, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea, skin rash, weakness, or inability to think clearly. The symptoms take about two weeks to go away if they don't lead to death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This bacterial pathogen is considered extremely dangerous and is probobly armed. Salmonella   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typhi has been on the loose for many years and was cuased a lot of havoc and done a lot of damage over the years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typhoid fever affects 17 million people worldwide every year, with approximately 600,000 deaths.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To protect yourself from typhoid fever, aviod risky food and drinks and get vaccinated aginst typhoid fever, and wash your hands carefully a lot to make sure you have not touched something infected with Salmonella Typhi. Salmonella Typhi (typhoid Fever) :: essays research papers Salmonella Typhi is a very contagious infection in the intestines that affects the whole body. It is called by a bacteria called Salmonella Typhi that is found in the stools of an infected person. Most people in the United States get typhoid as a result of visiting another country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typhoid is spread when a person eats food or water contaminated by human waste (stool or urine) containing Salmonella Typhi bacteria.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typhoid fever mostly preys upon people from the United States who visit other countries, because in a foreign country food and drink may have been handled by a person who is shedding Salmonella Typhi or if the bacteria gets into the water you use for washing or drinking.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Salmomella Typhi hides in beverages, most commonly milk or water. It also hides in food that is usually a foreign delicacy of some sort that has been contaminated by Salmonella Typhi in some way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typhoid fever usually causes high fever, head ache, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea, skin rash, weakness, or inability to think clearly. The symptoms take about two weeks to go away if they don't lead to death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This bacterial pathogen is considered extremely dangerous and is probobly armed. Salmonella   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typhi has been on the loose for many years and was cuased a lot of havoc and done a lot of damage over the years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typhoid fever affects 17 million people worldwide every year, with approximately 600,000 deaths.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To protect yourself from typhoid fever, aviod risky food and drinks and get vaccinated aginst typhoid fever, and wash your hands carefully a lot to make sure you have not touched something infected with Salmonella Typhi.

Case Analysis of Airline Industry in India Essay

INTRODUCTION Aviation Industry plays an important role in the economic growth of anation. It not only promotes international trade but also provides an effective and fastest means of transportation across the globe. Today, in the world of globalization and cut throat competition the value of time has become more precious. The history of Indian Aviation industry lies back in the year 1912.The first domestic flight was taken between Delhi and Karachi by the Indian State Air Services. Tata Airlines started with an air mail service in the year 1912.It was renamed as Air India in 1946. There were few players at the time of independence including Tata Airlines, Indian National Airways, Deccan Airways .In 1953 ,the government nationalized the airlines via the Air Corporations Act 1953. Two separate entities came into existence Indian Airlines which was the merger of the already existing domestic Airlines and Air India International. In the year 1986, private players were granted permission to work as air taxi operators which included Air Sahara, Jet Airways, Damania Airways, East West Airlines, Modiluft and NEPC Airways. In 1995, government granted scheduled career status to six private air taxi operators. But all the players could not survive and by 2003 Jet Airways and Air Sahara continued. Air Deccan entered the market in 2003.Air Deccan gave India its first Low Cost Carrier (LCC).Later on, other players also entered the market including Kingfisher, Paramount, GoAir, and Indigo. The year 2007 was the year of merger and acquisitions –the Jet-Sahara deal, the Kingfisher-Deccan deal, Indian-Air India. Full service airlines were forced to drop fares as well though their minimum fares tended to be still higher than those offered by the â€Å"low-cost† carriers. These low fares attracted leisure travelers to fly by air. The overall growth rate of the market was about three times faster than the growth in business travelers. The proportion of business travelers on full-service carriers such as Jet Airways came down to about two-thirds. OBJECTIVE The present study aims to identify the most important factors responsible for the performance of both public as well as in private low cost airlines, to compare and contrast on the basis of collected data and to suggest some adequate measures of improvement. The three major airlines making waves, for different reasons, in the Indian airlines industry are Air India, Kingfisher and Indigo. So in this paper we try to compare and analyse the reasons behind their successes and failures. We will be comparing the above mentioned airlines on the basis of their business models, scope for expansion, management practices and current operations. We try to compare and analyse the reasons behind their successes and failures. INDIGO Indigo is the exception to the rule in the Indian Airline industry as of today,being the only profitable Airline in the financial year ending March 2012. Despite having entered the market in 2006,Indigo has rapidly climbed up the ladder to become the second largest domestic carrier. Its market share increased from 5% in the first quarter of 2007 to 10.3% in first quarter of 2008 to 15.4% in December 2008 to a whopping 27.6% in September 2012. This growth rate of Indigo is expected to continue as the Airline increases its capacity on the domestic as well as international front.In addition,it also has massive fleet orders in the pipeline to sutain future growth. IndiGo currently has 51 A320s in its fleet, with more than four times that number of aircraft on firm order with Airbus. All the planes have exactly the same configurations, having the same engines, same number of seats in one class configuration. Load factors have also been strong throughout with an average load factor of 86.3% in June 2012 when the Industry’s average was 75%. Following are some of the strategies the airline has adopted which enable it to scale to the top in a span of 6 years: 1. Low cost,single class model- It has its low cost, single class model. Indigo retained its policy of offering one class of no frills service on a single type of plane. They have set a record for using the lightest passenger seats in India which weigh only 12.8 Kgs. They have started using paint which overall weighs 50 Kgs less. Such weight savings are negligible on their own but collectively ,they have helped Indigo to cut on costs and function as a â€Å"low cost airline†. 2. Maintaining a young fleet:Indigo uses the strategy of selling and leasing its planes,thus helping the airline to constantly replace its fleet,hence preventing the need for major checks and repairs. 3. Excellent Quality of Service: Some of the reasons for the outstanding quality are as follows: a. The management and staff are hired only after the CEO meets with each of them individually. b. The airline also employs far lesser number of people as compared to other airlines. c. The airline has trained its crews to de-plane the passengers in 6 minutes and unload the baggage in 10 minutes. It regularly acheives Turn around times of around 22-25 minutes(Industry Average being much more than 30 minutes). The lesser the time taken at the airports, the more the airplane can fly and earn more 4. Reliable and On-Time Service: Indigo’s Management has tried to attract customers with more than just low fares. An important factor is its on-time performance of 94 per cent – much higher than its other rivals. For instance, to ensure that its flights depart and arrive on time in spite of the dense fog that envelops Delhi and other northern cities without fail every winter, IndiGo has one of the highest percentages of pilots who are trained to fly under such conditions. IndiGo has set up a centralized operations control center which monitors the weather, anticipates delays and provides advance information to the ground staff in case an aircraft requires some repair or maintenance while it is airborne so that the engineers are ready to rectify the problem to save time. 5. War on Costs: d. On an average, an IndiGo aircraft flies for around 12 hours a day, compared to eight to 10 hours logged by most competitors. The extra hours allow it to undertake one extra flight daily, which translates into more seats and revenue. e. To reduce its cost of holding inventory of components, IndiGo has done a tie-up with Air France under which the French airline will stock components required by Indigo. In this way, the Inventory will not be in Indigo’s Books. 6. Additionally trained pilots: According to the latest figures released by the civil aviation ministry and the Directorate General of Civil Aviation, nearly 38 per cent of IndiGo’s pilots are CAT III compliant or are able to fly under low visibility. Even full service airline Jet has only 22 per cent of its pilots trained to fly under fog. Indigo has realized well in time that to sustain in this competitive industry, it needs to deliver on its promise and it seems to be doing so pretty well, especially in the domestic front. Kingfisher: Air DeccanLaunch: August 2003Low, variable fare, no frills. Only Economy Class. Mix of metro and cross-country destinations.Was acquired by Kingfisher and later renamed Kingfisher Red| Kingfisher AirlinesLaunch: May 2005Current Fleet: 94Variable fare, all frills. Single Kingfisher class. Premium in-flight service. Only metro destinations.| Collapse of Kingfisher Airlines â€Å"Kingfisher! King of good times† is seeing its worst time in recent months. All the ‘service with glamour’ provided by Vijay Mallya is not looking so glamorous at the closed ticket counters. Several flights have been cancelled and Government is swinging between the idea of shutting down or not shutting down the service. The losses incurred by the kingfisher are around 7000 crores. Revenue department is also blaming the airlines for tax evasion of another 2000 crores. His shares tumbled around 19 percent at BSE. There are numerous reasons for the present condition of the kingfisher airlines: Every big business needs an expert team of CEO and other officers look into the day to day activities. But here the scenario was different. Mallya kept this business under his direct control and this was one of his biggest blunders. This caused a major mismanagement and confusion among the employees. Administration of India’s second largest aircraft service was going down the lane. Mallya group continuously blamed Government for the dismal performance of airlines. To balance all this, they started cutting the salaries and perks of their staffs. They didn’t get their salaries on time due to which they refused to come back on job. Sometimes they also vented their anger and misbehaved with the passengers adding fuel to the fire. Another reason for its collapse is the takeover of Air Deccan in 550 crore acquisition. There were mixed reactions, some saying that it can be a disaster and some saying it to be a wonder. Kingfisher owned around 26 percent stake. Major advantage was that engineering and aircraft cost decreased due to almost same routes. But Kingfisher incurred losses of Air Deccan also. That’s when Vijay Mallya tried his luck and gave birth to a new low cost carrier ‘Kingfisher Red’. It was awarded death sentence in few years although low cost carriers were at its best. He provided goody bags and air hostesses provided a beautiful sight with their 24*7 ‘Pan Am† smiles. So customers started choosing Kingfisher Red over its mother brand because of same facilities with cheap prices. Kingfisher Airlines started incurring losses as it was typecasted as mainly the aircraft for the riches. Mallya started decreasing business class seats and routes to compensate the losses. Again when Mallya was already in turmoil, he tried another shot to ruin himself. He did not cared about his domestic flights and started the service on the international routes where competition was even higher with better facilities. This again provided him with losses. To compensate for these losses Mallya took loans from banks including SBI and many private banks with share from its UB group as collateral. It even collateralized its brand name ‘Kingfisher’. Now the group is asking for some time and easier interest rates that may help it to recover. But with rigid attitude of banks, it’s looking like a no win situation for Mallya group. Tax authorities have already frozen its bank account for the nonpayment of dues. Now only time will tell that what will be the future of this ‘once most stylish and attractive’ aircraft carrier. AIR INDIA Air India is considered to be India’s National Flag carrier. On October 15 1932, J.R.D Tata took from Karachi in a tiny light single- engine flight to Mumbai. It was known as Tata Airlines during those days. In the year 1946, it was renamed as Air India .In 2007, it was merged with Indian Airlines .The official name of the registered airline is National Aviation Company of India (NACIL) .However Air India was retained as the brand name for NACIL as it was well known at home and abroad. Air India Crisis 1. Merger and its Outcome Though operating in one of the fastest growing airline market in the world, both Air India and Indian Airlines were suffering losses before the merger in April, 2007. The former is plagued by the ills of bloated workforce and ageing fleet, the later a largely domestic operation that has been ceded market steadily to nimbler privately owned rivals for the past decade. Thus, in an attempt to revive them, the Government of India decided to merge the two entities and a new enterprise called National Aviation Company of India (NACIL) was formed. After the merger, in the first year of its operation was planned to focus on the workforce beginning with a management team of 400 people. The plan was eventually to split the carrier into five strategic units: Passenger, cargo, ground handling, MRO and low-cost airline. Five CEO would be heading the units and would report to one group chairman and MD. But as it turns out, the managers of the two carriers have little independence. They have to wait for Ministry of Aviation approval for taking not only major decision like buying new aircraft but also on routine business issues like new routes. According to Kapil Kaul, CEO of the Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation’s India, the government will ultimately privatize the carrier. But the ground picture was different. The management did not take any step to help in the process of privatization rather it was busy smoothing the ruffled feathers of the unions. Most of the wage agreements and seniority issues were cleared before the merger. But most of the issues were not resolved by the Air India management, which led to pilot strike and huge losses. 2. Disparity among pilots During the time of merger it was promised by the management that both Air India and Indian Airlines pilots would receive same amount of compensation. But in reality pilots of erstwhile Indian Airlines were angry for not getting the same pay as their colleagues of Air-India for doing identical job and working in the same organization. 3. Unplanned Cargo Operation It was decided during the merger a separate division handling cargo would be formed. Thus Indian Airlines limited (IAL) signed an agreement with M/S Aeronautical Engineers Inc, Miami, US, in 2006, to convert five B737 aircraft into freighter aircraft for retail courier service at a cost Rs 41 cr. All five aircraft are now grounded. Even when they were leased out to private players in 2007 and 2009, it resulted in a loss of over Rs 29 cr. This startling revelation came after the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) scrutinised the National Aviation Company of India Ltd (NACIL) accounts. This shows clearly the management has plans to lift Air India’s image and recover it losses. Due to improper execution it always resulted in huge losses. 4. Reasons for increasing losses and debts Around July 2011, the cumulative loss and debt burden of state-owned airlines stood around whopping Rs 67,270 crore. Its debt burden stood at Rs 46,950 crore – Rs 20,185 crore worth of aircraft loans, Rs 22,165 crore working capital loans and over-dues of Rs 4,600 crore. The national carrier has to repay a whopping Rs 20,415 crore worth of loans before the end of this fiscal year. High aviation oil prices, rise in wages and competition from other airlines are causing state-run Air India to incur Rs 600 crore monthly, as income is around Rs 1,100 crore and expenses at Rs 1,700 crore. Besides, the Government is paying interest on working capital and procurement of aircrafts. 5. The series of government infusion Against the backdrop of the state-owned airline’s massive cumulative loss and debt burden of about Rs 67,000 crore in July 2011, the Group of Ministers(GoM) headed by Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee granted approval for the Rs 1,200 crore equity infusion. The GoM has also granted approval for payment of Rs 532 crore for operating VVIP and rescue flights for the government and formation of strategic business units for ground handling. The Government on July 18th released Rs 265 crore to Air India to partially clear the interest burden to banks. Air India has borrowed loans from a consortium of 22 banks led by SBI. Bank of Baroda, Punjab National Bank and Bank of India are the three biggest lender of the airline. Central Bank and HDFC are the other key lenders. Air India has defaulted interest due on the working capital debt which is Rs 22,100 crore. 6. Routes Discrepancies The CAG report in May complains that Air India kept various routes operational despite suffering heavy losses: â€Å"Despite its critical financial position, the national carrier continued with routes which were rendering cash losses in domestic and international sectors.† The report refers to the India-US sector where Air India operated 10 international routes during 2005-09. By 2008-09, these routes were incurring losses. One route of Chennai to Bangkok with 95% passenger load capacity was cancelled and Thai Airways got the major pie of this shocking decision. Air India has not been able to inform the ministry and pilots why such a decision was taken. Another profitable route in the Middle East was reduced to just one flight a week. Conclusion Almost all the airlines in India are facing financial difficulties. There are couple of factors that account for this. One factor is the inability of the airlines to reduce costs, and the other is the â€Å"irrational† pricing that set in after the advent of LCCs.. They have chased market share, i.e., revenue maximization and forced the incumbents to match their low prices. They have been successful in taking the market share from the Full Service Carriers (FSCs). While revenue maximization may seem like a good short term strategy to enter the market, sooner or later, the LCCs have to be become profitable. These depressing financial conditions can lead only to two types of outcomes for the airlines—either some of them go bust in a market shake-out or they merge/get acquired by other airlines or business groups. 2007 became a landmark year in the industry because of the major consolidations that took place during the year. The airlines’ plans to expand capacity and replace ageing fleet aggressively should enable them to meet this growing demand more efficiently. But in the near term, they have to face significant challenges such as: 1. Realizing the benefits of the consolidations. 2. Realigning their competitive strategies to become profitable. 3. Pursuing aggressive cost reduction. 4. The availability of capital. 5. Constraints due to poor infrastructure for aviation in India. BIBLIOGRAPHY For the purpose of this paper, assistance has been taken from * EBSCO database for different research papers on LCC models and Information about Indian Airline Industry * Aceanalyser to get the Net Sales of different brands year wise * Euro monitor to get information about the background of the company competitive strategies * Different Airlines websites for the information * DGCA site for the growth about Indian Aviation Industry and the market shares of different players * Newspapers and Magazines to look into the advertising strategies of different brands * www.livemint.com * www.theindusview.com * http://www.centreforaviation.com * www.airfleets.net * http://www.indiainternalflights.com